Copper Tripeptide-1 (GHK-Cu)

Product Overview

Copper Tripeptide-1 (INCI name), also known as GHK-Cu, Copper Peptide, or Prezatide Copper, is a naturally occurring bioactive copper complex composed of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) chelated with a divalent copper ion (Cu²⁺). It was first isolated from human plasma albumin by Dr. Loren Pickart in 1973 and has since become one of the most extensively studied and widely recognized peptides in dermatology and cosmetic science. The compound is also found naturally in saliva and urine, and during wound healing, it may be released from extracellular proteins via proteolysis. For cosmetic applications, Copper Tripeptide-1 is synthetically manufactured under GMP-compliant conditions.

GHK-Cu functions as both a signal peptide and a carrier peptide, playing a critical role in skin regeneration, tissue repair, and anti-aging. Its distinctive deep-blue color is characteristic of the copper(II)-peptide complex and serves as a visual indicator of product integrity and stability. The peptide is listed in China‘s Inventory of Used Cosmetic Ingredients (IECIC) under No. 05807 and has been reviewed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel, which concluded that it is safe in cosmetics at current practices of use and concentration.

Chemical & Physical Specifications

Specifications may vary slightly by manufacturer; always request a Certificate of Analysis (COA) for each batch.

Mechanism of Action

Copper Tripeptide-1 exerts its multifunctional bioactivity through two primary mechanisms:

Signal Peptide Activity: GHK-Cu functions as a signal peptide that regulates gene expression associated with skin remodeling, inflammation control, and antioxidant defense. It stimulates fibroblasts to increase the production of collagen (Type I, III, and IV), elastin, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). It also inhibits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, particularly MMP-1, reducing collagen degradation and maintaining extracellular matrix integrity.

Carrier Peptide / Copper Transport: The copper ion (Cu²⁺) acts as an essential cofactor for multiple enzymatic reactions critical to skin health, including:

• Lysyl oxidase – catalyzes collagen and elastin cross-linking, essential for tissue strength and elasticity

• Superoxide dismutase (SOD) – neutralizes superoxide radicals, providing potent antioxidant protection

• Cytochrome c oxidase – involved in cellular respiration and energy production

The copper ion also facilitates angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) and modulates inflammatory responses by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, while promoting anti-inflammatory pathways. Additionally, GHK-Cu inhibits melanin synthesis, contributing to skin brightening and even-toned complexion.

Key Benefits

Clinical studies have demonstrated that GHK-Cu improves skin laxity and clarity, reduces fine line depth, and enhances overall skin appearance through both regenerative and protective mechanisms.

Applications & Usage Guidelines

Recommended Applications: Anti-aging serums and creams, post-procedure recovery formulations (laser, microneedling, chemical peels), wound healing and scar repair products, eye contour treatments, sensitive skin/rosacea care, anti-hair loss shampoos and scalp serums, sun care and post-sun repair products, facial masks, toners, lotions, and BB creams.

Recommended Concentration:

The typical safe and effective use concentration in finished cosmetic formulations is between 0.05% and 1.0%, depending on the target application and regional regulations. For China IECIC reference, the maximum historical use concentration in leave-on products is 8%.

Formulation Guidelines

Critical pH Window: Copper Tripeptide-1 is the most pH-sensitive peptide in cosmetic formulation. The Cu²⁺ ions form stable complexes only within a narrow pH band. Outside this optimal window, copper dissociates from the peptide, becoming pro-oxidant, potentially destabilizing the formula, and causing skin irritation.

Incompatible Ingredients (DO NOT Combine):

Compatible Ingredients:

• Niacinamide — complementary wound-healing + barrier support at shared pH 5.0–5.5

• Sodium hyaluronate — hydration support; no ionic conflict

• Ceramides, Panthenol, Squalane — barrier repair actives

• Allantoin — soothing synergy

• Glycerin, betaine, propanediol — humectants and solvents

Addition Protocol:

1. Add GHK-Cu to the aqueous phase after temperature drops below 40°C

2. Verify formula pH immediately before and after addition using a calibrated pH meter (test strips are not precise enough)

3. Avoid adding during high-shear mixing if possible

4. For powder form, pre-dissolve in a small amount of cool water before adding to the main batch

5. Final formulation should be protected from light and stored in opaque or amber containers

Storage & Handling

Store the container tightly closed in a cool, dry place away from light. For extended shelf life beyond 24 months, maintain at -20°C. The characteristic deep-blue color should remain stable; any color change to green or colorless may indicate copper dissociation and product degradation. Solutions in final formulations should be stored in opaque packaging.

Synonyms & Trade Names

• GHK-Cu (Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine Copper Complex)

• Copper Peptide

• Prezatide Copper

• CG-Copper Peptide

• GHK Complex with Copper

• Copper Tripeptide-1 (INCI)

• L-Lysine, N2-(N-glycyl-L-histidyl)-, copper complex

• [N2-(N-Glycyl-L-histidyl)-L-lysinato(2-)]copper

• I-Pep Glow

• ActiTide™ CP-Pro

• SpecPed® GCu11P / SpecPed® GHK-Cu

• PeptiCure™

• SHINE+ GHK-Cu Pro

• GS-PepRejuv™ Copper Tripeptide-1

• WKPep® Copper Peptide

• ZPC® Repairs012P Tripeptide-1 Copper

In China, it is also commonly referred to as 三肽-1 铜 (Sāntài-1 tóng), 蓝铜肽 (Lán tóng tài), 铜肽 (Tóng tài), or GHK-Cu.

Packaging & Ordering Information